Top 20 Supply Chain Concepts to Know.
Cheat Sheet Expanded Below:
1. Supply Chain Management (SCM)
SCM is the strategic coordination of business functions—from raw material sourcing to product delivery to the end customer. Effective SCM reduces costs, increases efficiency, and enhances customer satisfaction. Example: Apple’s supply chain integrates design, manufacturing, and logistics globally.
2. Logistics
Logistics handles the physical movement and storage of goods. It includes inbound (supplier to business), outbound (business to customer), and reverse logistics. Efficient logistics is vital to timely deliveries and cost control.
3. Procurement
This involves sourcing raw materials, negotiating prices, managing supplier contracts, and ensuring consistent quality. Strategic procurement balances cost, quality, and supply continuity.
4. Just-in-Time (JIT)
JIT aims to reduce inventory by receiving goods only when they are needed. While it cuts inventory costs, it requires precise planning. Example: Toyota popularized JIT to minimize waste and maximize efficiency.
5. Inventory Management
Effective inventory management ensures the right stock is available at the right time. It uses techniques like EOQ (Economic Order Quantity), safety stock, and ABC analysis to optimize inventory levels.
6. Demand Forecasting
Using historical data, AI models, and market trends, companies predict future demand to align production and inventory planning. Poor forecasting can lead to overstock or stockouts.
7. Lead Time
Lead time includes procurement, production, and delivery. Reducing lead time improves responsiveness and customer service. Example: Amazon’s two-day shipping is made possible by short lead times and regional warehouses.
8. Bullwhip Effect
Minor changes in consumer demand cause larger shifts in orders up the supply chain. This leads to inefficiencies like overproduction or stockouts. Solutions include improved communication, demand visibility, and collaborative planning.
9. Supply Chain Visibility
Refers to real-time tracking of products, components, and materials across the supply chain. Technologies like RFID, IoT, and cloud platforms enhance visibility and transparency.
10. Supplier Relationship Management (SRM)
Managing relationships with key suppliers to ensure reliability, innovation, and cost efficiency. Strategic partnerships often result in better quality and faster innovation.
11. Third-Party Logistics (3PL)
Outsourcing warehousing, transportation, and fulfillment to specialized providers. 3PLs offer scalability, cost savings, and access to advanced logistics tech.
12. Risk Management
Involves identifying and mitigating risks like geopolitical issues, cyberattacks, and natural disasters. Business continuity plans and multi-sourcing are key strategies.
13. Sustainability in Supply Chain
Focuses on reducing carbon emissions, ethical sourcing, and minimizing waste. Consumers and regulators increasingly demand eco-friendly and ethical supply chains.
14. Total Cost of Ownership (TCO)
Goes beyond purchase price to include maintenance, operating, transportation, and end-of-life disposal costs. TCO analysis helps in smarter sourcing decisions.
15. SCOR Model (Supply Chain Operations Reference)
A framework for analyzing and improving supply chain performance. It standardizes processes under five categories: Plan, Source, Make, Deliver, and Return.
16. Reverse Logistics
The flow of products from customers back to the company—for returns, repairs, recycling, or disposal. Efficient reverse logistics improves customer satisfaction and recovers value.
17. ERP (Enterprise Resource Planning) Systems
ERP systems integrate supply chain functions like inventory, finance, HR, and procurement into a single platform for data consistency and decision-making. Examples: SAP, Oracle, Microsoft Dynamics.
18. Omnichannel Fulfillment
Involves delivering a seamless customer experience across online, in-store, and mobile platforms. Companies must align inventory and logistics across all channels.
19. Blockchain in Supply Chain
Ensures traceability, transparency, and trust in transactions. Used in food safety (tracking origins), pharmaceuticals (preventing counterfeits), and conflict mineral tracking.
20. AI & Automation in Supply Chain
AI improves demand forecasting, route optimization, and predictive maintenance. Robotics automate warehouse operations like picking, packing, and sorting, boosting efficiency.
Supply Chain Concept Quotes
- Two basic rules of life are: 1) Change is inevitable. 2) Everybody resists change. ~W. Edwards Deming
- “When we talk about ‘smart transportation,’ it is more than moving cargo from A to B. Digitization within transport and logistics means seamless service to our customers, visibility in the supply chain, and driving a more efficient business.” ~Soren Skou
- “Something is wrong if workers do not look around each day, find things that are tedious or boring, and then rewrite the procedures. Even last month’s manual should be out of date.” ~Taiichi Ohno, Father of the Toyota Production System.
- “Products can be easily copied. But a supply chain can provide a true competitive advantage.” ~Yossi Sheffi
- “The factory is the machine that builds the machine.” ~Elon Musk.
“It’s critical that we drive digitization of supply system, because without it, there will be no transparency; and without transparency, there will be no accountability.” ~Christian Lanng - “Computers are able to see, hear and learn. Welcome to the future.” ~Dave Waters
- “I built a supply chain of 400,000 people in China to play games professionally to mine digital currency.” ~Brock Pierce
- “I predict that, because of artificial intelligence and its ability to automate certain tasks that in the past were impossible to automate, not only will we have a much wealthier civilization, but the quality of work will go up very significantly and a higher fraction of people will have callings and careers relative to today.” ~Jeff Bezos, Founder of Amazon.
